Showing posts with label Research. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Research. Show all posts

Friday, 27 November 2015

Ancillary Task - Digipak Research

Before we began brainstorming ideas of what we wanted our digipak to look like, we needed to look at examples of real media that were already out there. We researched, and found a variety of existing album covers. We specifically searched for artists that fall within the indie genre, due to the fact that this the genre that Littlewing fit in to.
It was fairly easy for us to find artists that fitted into the indie genre, and therefore the album covers, because myself and the other member of my production group both listen to that genre of music. We put them together on a mood board, as used this a source of inspiration when creating our own digipak.



Friday, 16 October 2015

Research and Planning - Casting

Once we had chosen to add a narrative section to our music video, we needed to find extra cast members to fill the roles in the narrative. As part of our narrative, we required a girl that looked quite similar to the lead singer Annie, particularly having similar hair. This was needed as our narrative would make the audience think that Annie was in a relationship with the boy, however it would be revealed at the end that it is in fact a different girl.



However, when we re-evaluated our narrative, we realised that this was far too complex, so we chose to just include shots of the couple. In terms of casting, after searching for a girl that looked similar, we realised that my production partner looked the most similar, and after some convincing, she was willing to be part of the music video. As for the male lead, I knew that my friend had done some acting before, so therefore wouldn't find it too awkward to be part of the narrative - pretending to be in a relationship.

Friday, 25 September 2015

Editing

Editing is the process of selecting, manipulating and joining together pieces of footage in order to create a new piece of film. There are several rules to follow as part of editing, such as match on action, however these rules don't apply to every type of film; for example, match on action isn't required to be used in a music video.

Match on action
Match on action is an editing technique in which one shot cuts to another shot, but the action is continued through both shots, and it matches up exactly. This technique is used to create an impression of continuity, and a fluid sequence helps maintain the viewer's attention, so it isn't drawn away by misplaced cuts.

Shrinking time
Shrinking time is the process of showing an amount of the plot within a shorter amount of screen time. For example, irrelevant shots could be removed from a sequence to make it go from a screen time of 30 seconds to a screen time of 10 seconds. The process of shrinking can be very effective, when  used in the correct scenario.

Expanding time
Expanding time is the complete opposite of shrinking time: showing an amount of the plot, but taking far longer to do it. There are many ways this can be done, either by decreasing the frame rate of the shot, or by adding more shots into the sequence. Although this could make a sequence boring, it can be used effectively, to build tension, or to match a rhythm in a music video.

Finding Rhythm
When it comes to creating a music video, the editor has to make a decision; whether to make cuts on or off beat. It can be dependent on the genre of the song, as fast, rock tracks will tend to cut on beat, whereas more mellow songs might not be so strict with making cuts on beat.

Sunday, 9 August 2015

Main Task - Research and Planning - Lighting and Colour

Our chosen was a very upbeat, light-hearted track, so we knew that the lighting and colour of the music video would need to reflect this.
As we had planned to film in an outdoor location for most of our music video, we were going to be quite reliant on the weather being good. However, if the weather was good on the day of shooting, we hoped that the sun would pick out the greens and yellows of a forest as it goes into the autumn time.



Green has connotations of positivity and growth, and yellow has connotations of optimism and happiness, which fit well with the tone of the song. However, it is ironic that these colours and the tone of the song is quite optimistic, because the lyrics themselves are in a way quite negative, as the singer has lost the person they love.

Saturday, 8 August 2015

Main Task - Research and Planning - Location



Performance Shoot
When it came to choosing the location of our music video, we had to think about the logistics of filming somewhere near the band. We knew that, due to the song having an upbeat tempo, we wanted to preferable film somewhere that was outside, and hopefully sunny. The only issue with this is that we would have to rely on the weather being good, and in September in England, 

that is very much 50/50.
After some correspondence with the band, Annie told us how her dad owned a warehouse, so we could have the great opportunity to film in there, and in the countryside surrounding it. However, as the date of production drew nearer, we were informed that there would be construction work happening on production day, so we would be unable to film in the original location.
With production day drawing nearer, we had to go back to the drawing board to try and find a new filming location. Fortunately, the drummer of the band offered for us to film in the practice studio in his house,and get some outside shots in the forest near his house. I was concerned that it would be a lot of work for my partner to do by herself, but luckily she found another person who could film on the second camera, and help with carrying the equipment between locations. The performance space itself was quite plain, so we used props such as fairy lights and patterned backdrops to make it look more interesting.


Narrative Shoot
When it came to shooting the narrative sections of the music video, we wanted to choose a location that would fit seamlessly with the performance sections, without having to go to the same location which was quite far away. I had watched a music video for 'Comes and Goes' by COVEY, and I liked the shots of people walking through leaves and trees. Therefore, we chose to film in another forest location that was close to both ourselves and the male cast member.

Wednesday, 5 August 2015

Audience of the Indie Genre

I was interested to see what the consumption of music within the indie genre was like, particularly in Britain.

One of the first figures I found showed that within a focus a focus group, more people accessed their music through social networking, as opposed to downloads. This is good as we would be sharing our music video through YouTube, so more people would be likely to view it, than if it was simply available for download.


As of 2014, according to a survey in America, in 3 of the last 5 years (2009-2014), alternative music has been the most popular genre in sales, with over 50 million albums sold each year. This is very interesting, as I would have highly anticipated pop to be the most popular genre, because the pop genre gets so much play time, both on TV and radio. This shows that the genre of our artists Littlewing is far more popular than we initially thought.

Indie music
  • When crossover artists are included with the statistics of music genre, country music is the #1 genre in the United States, accounting for 27.6% of all music listened to regularly.
  • Classic Rock from the 1960′s to the 1980′s, which is typically #1 in this type of category, came in second place by a full percentage point.
  • Indie music, which when listed as its own genre is the fastest growing music genre, still comes in below current Top 40 hits and popular music from the 80′s and 90′s.
  • 18-to-25-year-olds are twice as likely to say they are fans of country music.
  • For teens, country music in the US ranks as their third most popular genre of music they regularly listen to.
  • More people listen to music from their generation when they grew up when compared to new music that is released today.
  • Only 3 music genres saw increases in listenership. Besides country, hard rock and 90′s hits saw increases.
     This show that indie as a genre has become a lot more popular in the past few years, and this could be due to the fact that indie artists are now able to distirbute their music a lot easier. Social networking means that unknown artists, such as Littlewing, are now able to get their music online for free without having to pay expensive fees to get an agent to distribute it.

Tuesday, 4 August 2015

Main Task - Initial Shoot Ideas

When we were initially storyboarding ideas, we weren't sure whether we were going to have just a performance based music video, or whether we were going to also have an element of narrative as well.
Therefore, we chose to listen to the song and just draw images and shots that we thought would fit with the song, putting into practice the idea of synaesthesia that we had previously explored.




Sunday, 2 August 2015

Main Task - Research and Planning - Costume

When it came to the costume of our band, we wanted to stick with their existing representation. As Littlewing aren't very well known, we felt it would be best to stick with the way in which the way in which they already were: that way new audiences would be seeing a real representation.
Within the indie genre, most artists tend to wear quite casual clothing, particular in performance music videos, so it would clearly represent the genre of the band, without even requiring music for this to be obvious.






Tuesday, 28 July 2015

Main Task - Chosen Song - 'Wasting Time' - Littlewing



We chose the song 'Wasting Time' by Littlewing to produce a music video for. They have three songs on their EP, however we chose this song because it was quite light hearted, and the song itself wasn;t over-produced, so if we chose to create a live performance element as part of our music video, it would be feasible.
Also, production would be taking place in summer/early autumn. Although British weather is unpredictable, we hoped that it would be quite pleasant weather, and this would therefore fit well with the tone of the song.

Saturday, 25 July 2015

Main Task - Chosen Artist - Littlewing


Littlewing is a three piece alternative-rock band from Buckinghamshire.


Annie Needham (Guitar / Vocals)
Joe Humphrey (Drums)
Nick Morgan (Bass / BV's) 

Chloe got in contact with Littlewing after having found some of their music from their EP 'Barricades ' on Soundcloud. We had found that they were from Buckinghamshire, which was pretty local for us, so it seemed that finding a location for shooting would be easier, as we wouldn't have to travel far to accommodate for the band. 

Having got in contact with them, they were more than happy for us to create a music video for them, as they had wanted one made for ages, and they trusted that we would make one that they would be able to use in their own marketing.

Saturday, 11 July 2015

Director Analysis - Ninian Doff



Ninian Doff is a director of music videos, short films, and commercials for companies such as O2 and Hula Hoops.

Doff has created music videos for a variety of different artists, and doesn't seem to have stuck to a particular genre, unlike directors such as Samuel Bayer. He has created music videos for the likes of Peace, Royal Blood and Kasabian, and looking through his music videos, it is clear that he very much enjoys creating music videos with a narrative, rather than focusing on performance.

An example of a strong narrative is in his music video for 'Figure It Out' by Royal Blood. The music video follows a female protagonist as she runs around a shopping mall. However the change of colour between blue and red shows to the audience different pieces of information, some of which can only be seen with certain colour lights. The music video has a clear beginning, middle, and end, which makes it very reminiscent of a film rather than a music video. This is a clear theme in Doff's music videos, as they seem more like films accompanied by music, rather than a music video, which demonstrates just how strong the narrative is in his music videos.


Another example of a strong narrative in Doff's music videos is for the song 'Sometimes I Feel So Deserted' by The Chemical Brothers. This music video follows a female protagonist who is walking aimlessly through the desert. At first, we as the audience think she is a good character, however it is soon revealed that she is a zombie, or a walking corpse, when we see her eat another person, and pull off her own broken leg to attach a metal one. There is a very cinematic feel about the music video, and it is clear that Doff has focused on making the music video look good, as well as synthesising with the song. 

Friday, 10 July 2015

Director Analysis - Samuel Bayer


Samuel David Bayer is an American visual artist, cinematographer, commercial, music video and film director.

Samuel Bayer has an extensive list of music videos that he has directed, ranging from artists such as Green Day and Good Charlotte, to Maroon 5 and Robbie Williams. It is clear that over the past 25 years of directing music videos, he has worked with a lot of alternative and rock bands, including names such as Metallica and Nirvana. Although he has worked with artists that fit more into the pop genre, he has definitely spent the majority of his time with these heavier artists, which could be a reflection of his style when directing.

A noticeable feature in a large majority of Bayer's music videos, particularly in his earlier videos in the 90's, is a focus on the depth of field. In his music videos for 'Hold On' by Good Charlotte, and 'American Idiot' by Green Day, he has shifted his focus in several shots to emphasize the depth of field he has used. This strong depth of field is something that makes Bayer's music videos appear quite cinematic, and beginning to cross the line between film and music video.

Following on from this, his most recent music videos including two for Maroon 5 are very cinematic. Both of the Maroon 5 videos are a mix of performance and narrative, allowing Bayer to turn these music videos into something that appears more like a film. This can be particularly seen in the music video for 'Payphone', as the narrative follows the lead singer (Adam Levine) as he is being chased by the police, as they have think he has robbed the bank, even though he was the person that managed to escape being held hostage at the bank. Depth of field is also very prominent in these music videos, however their isn't any shifting of focus like there was in Bayer's earlier music videos.

Thursday, 9 July 2015

Director Analysis - Daniel Cloud Campos


Daniel "Cloud" Campos is an award-winning Los Angeles-based dancer, director, and occasional actor raised in San Diego, California and Orlando, Florida.

Daniel Campos has many directing credits, producing music videos for artists such as Hayley Williams, Zedd, and Panic! At the Disco. Most recently (2015), he has produced a music video for Panic! At the Disco. This was Daniel's second time collaborating with the band, having previously directed the music video for 'This is Gospel' back in 2013.

The band themselves were very excited to work with Daniel Campos again because the new music video he was directing would be a follow on from the narrative in 'This is Gospel'. Towards the end of the 'This is Gospel' music video, the lead singer Brendon Urie is running towards the light, and in the new music video for 'Emperor's New Clothes', Brendon has reached hell, and he is turning into the devil.

Daniel's music videos are very well constructed, and he uses some interesting techniques when creating his music videos.
For example, when shooting the 'Emperor's New Clothes' video, he chose to film at 12 frames per second, giving the effect of very glitch movements. This effect fits very well with the theme of the narrative: with the protagonist Brendon becoming possessed by the devil.

Tuesday, 23 June 2015

Matching Sound to Visuals vs. Matching Lyrics to Visuals

When you initially listen to a piece of music, you don't necessarily notice the lyrics first: you first notice the sound of the song. When creating a music video for a song, it is important to make sure your visuals match the sound of the song, because if it doesn't match, it can be very confusing for the audience. For example, if you have people in a club dancing for the video of a heavy rock song, it won't match and therefore the audience will not be able to connect with the music video. However it could also be considered equally important to match the lyrics to the visuals, something which is occasionally overlooked when creating a music video. If there is very poignant lyrics in a song, it would make sense to somehow include this in the music video, as it would probably be something that the audience would also think when hearing the lyrics, therefore making the music video more enjoyable for them.  Some of the most memorable music videos are those that manage to balance both of these factors, or choose to incorporate the right one for the song they are creating a music video for.

Cocoon - Catfish and the Bottlemen

An example of when lyrics have been matched with the visuals is in the music video for 'Cocoon' by Catfish and the Bottlemen. The video is completely narrative, and the song itself revolves around the idea of a boy and a girl being unable to be together, which is perfectly represented in the music video. In the music video, which is set in a mental institution, a young male and female are prized apart by the workers in the house, and therefore are unable to be together, as they are 'cocooned' like the title insinuates. One of the lyrics says 'I cocoon/ Round your shoulders/ When you’re half cut/ And you’re frozen', which is clearly depicted due to the fact the young female doesn't talk, and is 'frozen' in her chair looking out the window, perhaps a side effect of the medication she is being given.

King - Years & Years
On the other hand, the music video to the song 'King' by Years & Years clearly matches the sound with the visuals, although it does also incorporate some of the lyrics within it's representation in the visuals. About two minutes into the music video, the lead singer Olly falls into water, surrounded by bubbles. The sound in the song matches this visual perfectly because at this point in the song, the bass and the drums are removed, leaving just the lyrics and the keyboard. This therefore makes the song sound reminiscent of the effect being underwater has on your hearing: making everything muffled and slightly echoed.


Throughout the video, the decision has also been made to match the lyrics to the visuals. At the point when Olly falls into the water, the lyrics repeatedly say 'Let go', which he is clearly doing by letting himself fall into the water, and just stay submerged. Also, one of the main lyrics from the chorus is 'I was a king under your control', and through the narrative of the music video, Olly can be seen being 'controlled' by a group of people all dressed in white, whom only he can see.


Animals - Maroon 5
Another example of matching lyrics to visuals can be seen in the music video for 'Animals' by Maroon 5. The song itself is about a man trying to get a woman to love him, but he refers to animal like natures with which he hopes to get the woman. The opening shot of the music video takes place in a butchers which clearly links to the animal theme throughout the music video. Also, latter shots take place in an abattoir, with one of the shots showing the lead singer Adam pretending to be a lump of meat by hanging from the bar in the abattoir. The story follows him stalking a young woman that has come into the butchers, and he appears to be quite masochistic in his attempt to 'trap' the woman, a characteristic which is quite animalistic, and something you would typically link with a predator in the animal kingdom.

Overall, I feel that although matching the sound to visuals is vital in order to make a clear connection between the song and the music video that has been created, I think it is equally important to match lyrics to visuals. Although not every music video requires the visuals to match the lyrics, if the decision is made to do this, I feel it has to be done well for it to actually be effective and worthwhile to having done so.

Thursday, 18 June 2015

Music Video Reseach - Deconstruction

As part of our research prior to the production of our music video, we did a task that involved deconstructing music videos. We were split into two groups: one group had to count the number of cuts used, and my group had to count the number of set ups, and the number of shots that were medium close ups and in.

The first music video that we deconstructed was 'One' by Ed Sheeran. As soon as the music video started, we realised that it was very difficult to distinguish between the different set ups, due to the fact that the camera wasn't set on a tripod, so was constantly moving. Although we couldn't be certain due to the movement of the camera, we counted roughly 17 set ups, and approximately 64 cuts. The amount of cuts was quite low, however it fitted the pace of the music video: something that will be very important when it comes to editing our own music video. Although there was only 64 cuts, 58% of these shots were medium close up and in. From this, we could see that it would be very important to film a lot of close ups during production to ensure that there is that connection between the artist and the viewer.


The next music video we deconstructed was 'If You Wanna' by The Vaccines. The pace of this song was far quicker than that of the Ed Sheeran music video, so we expected the pace of the music video to reflect that. Yet again, the camera had a lot of movement, making it quite difficult to notice the different set ups. However, this trend between the music videos made us realise that when it comes to our own music videos, we should avoid using a tripod at all cost, only using it for wide shots if necessary. Using a tripod can make the music video feel very flat, and loses the connection that you get between the artist and the viewer from a music video that has movement. We counted roughly 23 set ups, and about 132 cuts, with 60% being medium close ups and in. The use of such a high number of close ups makes it easier for the viewer to connect with the artist in the 3 minutes that the are watching the music video.


McBusted's 'Air Guitar' had a total of 19 different set ups, and 153 cuts, of which 64% was medium close up and in: an even higher number of medium close ups and in than the previous two music videos.


The final music video we watched was Royal Blood's 'Little Monster', a song which follows the genre of rock, which was clearly represented in the editing and pace of the song. There was roughly 15 set ups, however there was over 200 cuts, and 73% of these were medium close ups and in. This proved that the edit of a music video must fit with the pace of the song itself.

Tuesday, 16 June 2015

Synaesthesia

synaesthesia
noun
noun: synaesthesia; noun: synesthesia
1.      the production of a sense impression relating to one sense or part of the body by stimulation of another sense or part of the body.

'...a film that responds to the pleasures of music, and in which that music is made visual, either in new ways or in ways that accentuate existing visual associations'
 - Andrew Goodwin - Dancing in the Distraction Factory (1992)
In order to demonstrate how this process works, we listened to two songs, and had to visually represent what we could see on the piece of paper, before watching the music video.


For Your Love - Josh Record
The first song we listened to was a song called ‘For Your Love’ by an artist called Josh Record. My initial thought when I heard the song was a man with a guitar and a beard, sat on top of a big hill. I definitely felt it was a solo artist, hence the man alone, and I also felt there was a theme of isolation in the song. Due to this theme of isolation, I thought he would be alone somewhere far from civilisation; somewhere he is able to escape to. When I heard the song, I began to think about the opening shot in 'Donnie Darko', where Donnie can be seen sat on the top of a hill in the middle of the road with his bike, reinforcing this idea of isolation. I also imagined a story book, as I felt that the song itself was a story being told to someone. I felt like there was a sense of darkness to the song, however there was also something quite 'glittery' about the song, so I imagined a dark night sky with twinkling stars.

When we watched the music video, it was amazing to see how much of our representations were in the actual music video. The singer was indeed a man with a beard, and although he didn't sit alone on a hill, there was definitely a sense of isolation, as he had lost the girl that he so dearly wanted. Also, a large portion of the music video took place during the night, following the idea of the darkness. Also, although it wasn't a particularly starry night, the headlights of the car and the streetlights create a similar effect to that of stars.

Intro - The XX

The next song we listened to was called 'Intro' by The XX. My initial thought was someone riding along a street on a skateboard in slow motion, as I felt that the beat throughout the entire song would fit well with the motion of a skateboard. The entire song is instrumental, so it focuses on the use of rhythm, rather than relying on the content of the lyrics. Due to this focus on rhythm, something that came to mind was soldiers marching in rows, so I drew twelve stickmen, in a square 3x4. Following this theme of rhythm, I also imagined someone bouncing a basketball in time with the song. So a clear focus through my images was on that of rhythm, and somehow representing that visually so it matched with the pace of the song.

When we watched the music video, I was shocked by how similar some of my classmates' representation were to the real thing. One of my classmates had drawn streetlights and a train, and in the music video, there is a POV shot on a train. Also, I had drawn the twelve stickmen, and in the music video, there was some circles in rows; a rectangle of 3x5.


I found this exercise very interesting, as it shows that when creating a music video. you need to think about what other people see when they listen to a song, and although you don't need to strict follow these representations, you definitely need to take them into consideration. Subconsciously, we will always have things that we link to songs, and we will create these images in our minds. But it is down to us as the creators to choose whether to represent what everyone sees, or subvert the norms, and take a risk.

Sunday, 14 June 2015

Types of Music Videos

Types of music videos
Narrative
Narrative music videos tend to be very cinematic, in that you are creating a short film to cover a duration of 3-4 minutes. Narrative based music videos sometimes tend to use diegetic sound as it can be easier to communicate certain parts of a narrative using sound, especially if it is dialogue. Narrative music videos usually match the lyrics to visuals, which is something that has been done in the music video for 'I Found' by Amber Run.

In the music video for 'I Found', the narrative is of two men who kidnap a young woman, and are holding her for ransom. However, one of the main lyrics in the chorus is 'I found love where it wasn't supposed to be', and throughout the music video, it is clear that some feelings have developed between one of the kidnappers and the young women. The techniques when it comes to the editing of this music video are very similar to that of the editing techniques we used for our film opening last year. Match on action has still been used in this music video, as it is needed to make the sequence make sense. Also, eye line matches have been used to communicate the chemistry between the kidnapper and the young woman.

The idea of expanding time has been used quite a lot in this music video, furthering its cinematic look. At times throughout the music video, decreasing the frame rate has helped signify the effect of the drug on the characters, but it has also been used at times to build the tension as to what is going to happen to this young woman. Shrinking time has also been used to signify that this young woman has spent a whole night out in the cold, as a time lapse of the sun rising has been used.


Concept
Concept music videos usually revolve around an idea (or a concept), that tends to be quite unusual or obscure. As most concept based music videos are so bizarre, they tend to keep the audience's attention, because there is so much happening on screen. Concept based music videos can be a good way to represent the artist of the song if you choose to not have the artist of the song in it, as you have the scope to represent them as someone or something completely different.

A good example of a concept based music video is 'Ready to Go' by Panic! At the Disco. In a video behind the scenes of the music video, lead singer Brendon Urie said how he wanted the entire video to be like a musical, hence why different parts of the music video are similar to famous musicals. For example, when Brendon and the drummer leave the rehearsal space and pass through the wall, the first area is based around the musical 'Grease'. This is clearly represented in the mise en scene of the sequence, such as the hairstyles and outfits.
There is a total of 156 cuts in the music video, which fits with the genre of the song, however I feel that slightly fewer cuts have been made to fit with each musical theme. For example, there was lots of cuts in the 'Grease' sequence, but there was fewer cuts, and the use of expanding time in the 'Mary Poppins' sequence. They have chosen to expand time when the song starts to reach the bridge, and the pace of the song slows down slightly, so expanding time in editing makes sure this change in pace is clearly evident visually.


Performance
Performance based music videos do exactly what they say on the tin: they are a live performance of the band. Due to the fact it is simply performance, location becomes far more important when planning for the shoot, The choice of location has to fit with the genre of the song, else the audience will find that the visuals don't match what they are hearing.

A good example for a performace based music video is that of 'Little Lion Man' by Mumford and Sons. The music video is set in a barn, which fits very well with their genre of folk rock. If they had decided to film in a skate park, what we as the audience were hearing wouldn't have matched what we were seeing on screen.
The number of cuts made when editing is also very important in performance music videos. The cuts should match the pace of the song, so the faster the song, the more cuts that should be made. The frequency of the cuts in this music video varied, making sure to follow the pace of the song all the way through. There is 116 cuts in total in the music video, which fits well with the pace of the song itself.


Performance and Narrative
Some music videos also choose to combine both performance and narrative in one music video. This can be especially useful if the narrative involves a concert, or some reference to the artist themselves. A good example of this is the music video for 'Kids in the Dark' by All Time Low.



Hopeless Wanderer - Mumford and Sons
The music video for 'Hopeless Wanderer' by Mumford and Sons is a concept based music video, in which 4 famous actors have been cast to act as the members of the band, and these actors are the ones performing the song. There is a total of 194 cuts in the music video, which is a clear communication of the pace of the music video: although it starts quite slow, it builds to quite a fast pace.
The process of expanding time has been used towards the end of the music video, as the frame rate is decreased to see them destroying their instruments. By slowing down this part of the sequence, it becomes far more effective as you can see all the details of the instruments as they are being broken.
Time has also been shrunk by the use of very quick cuts each time the song reaches the chorus. This increase in number of cuts is suitable because, during the chorus, the pace of the song increases greatly. This increase in cuts therefore makes sure that the sound matches the visuals.


Friday, 12 June 2015

Andrew Goodwin - Key features of music videos

 - Music videos demonstrate genre characteristics, for example, a stage performance in metal video or a dance routine for boy/girl band.
 - There is a relationship between lyrics and visuals: either illustrative, amplifying, contradicting.
 - There is a relationship between music and visuals: either illustrative, amplifying, contradicting.
 - The demands of the record label will include the need for lots of close-ups of the artist and the artist may develop motifs which recur across their work (a visual style).
 - There is frequently reference to the notion of looking (screens within screens, telescopes, etc) and particularly voyeuristic treatment of the female body.
 - There is often intertextual references (to films, TV programmes, other music videos, etc).